PressInfo #228 - Kosovo - mange andremuligheder end uafhængighed

Den serbiske provins Kosovo, er befolket af en albansk separatist-sindet befolkningsmajoritet, og har ikke imødekommet de krav om at opfylde grundlæggende menneskerettigheder og politiske standarder, som det internationale samfund satte som forudsætninger for statusforhandlinger. Alligevel begynder i de kommende måneder forhandlinger om provinsens fremtidige status.

Denne grundlæggende konklusion findes i den længe ventede rapport fra FNs særlige udsending Kai Eide, som blev godkendt af Kofi Annan og som støttes fuldt ud af EU og USA – men rapporten afmystificerer ikke paradokset.

For kun to et halvt år siden bestemte det internationale samfund, at forhandlinger om provinsens status ikke kunne begynde før, der var opnået et bestemt niveau af menneskerettigheder.

Siden da er det kun blevet klarere, at Kosovos albanske flertal var uvilligt til at imødekomme kriterierne og at FN ikke var i stand til at gennemtvinge dem. Der har været en permanent udvanding af forudsætningerne indtil man nu med hr. Eides rapport endeligt begraver den proklamerede politik med “standarder først, derefter status”.

Hvorfor er det slået fejl? Er det på grund af frygt for den kosovoalbanske trussel om vold, hvis statusforhandlingerne ikke snart starter eller var denne politik allerede fra begyndelsen bluff ?

Hvilket signal giver det for de kommende forhandlingers retfærdighed? Vil trusler om etnisk vold i tilfælde af, at man ikke opnår “kosovoalbanernes eneste løsning – uafhængighed” igen spille en rolle ? Eller vil det internationale samfund komme over sin frygt og give både Pristina og Beograd grund til at tro, at løsningen vil blive forhandlet og holdbar, snarere end påtvunget, ensidig og konfliktskabende ?

Fortalere for Kosovos uafhængighed, som International Crisis Group, Wesley Clark, Richard Holbroke og et antal medlemmer af USAs Kongres, siger, at “uafhængighed er den eneste løsning”. USA har mere påtrængende problemer andetsteds. Men fuld uafhængighed kan ikke opnås ved forhandling, den kan kun påtvinges. “Uafhængigt Kosova” betyder, at kosovoalbanerne opnår deres maksimale krav med militære midler, mens Beograd og kosovoserberne og kosovo-romaerne ikke engang opnår deres minimale.

Det er en opskrift på fremtidige problemer.

Det vil også give bagslag for Europa og USA; det vil være tåbeligt at tage stilling for kosovoalbanerne og isolere Serbien – det tidligere Jugoslaviens mest multietnisk enhed; den er også strategisk vigtig, en retsstat med et marked på 10 millioner mennesker. At fortsætte med at straffe Serbien og serberne kollektivt for Milosevics brutalitet ville være umoralsk.

Et “uafhængigt Kosova” ville være et farligt fortilfælde for regionen, ikke mindst Bosnien og Makedonien, såvel som for folkeretten og for den europæiske integration. Og hvis Kosovo skal være selvstændigt, hvorfor så ikke Taiwan, Tibet, Tjetjenien, Tamil Eelam, Kashmir?

Verden har 200 stater og 5000 etniske grupper. Hvem synes det ville være en bedre verden med 4800 nye stater? Nej, fremtiden handler om menneskelig globalisering og integration.

Uafhængighed ville også stride mod FNs Sikkerhedsråds resolution 1244 af 1999 om Kosovo. Selv ikke hvis den fortolkes mest muligt liberalt, anerkender den uafhængighed. Uafhængighed ville belønne albanske ekstremister, som har været bag den etniske udrensningskampagne mod de ikke-albanske nationer, opmuntre dem, der eksporterer volden fra Kosovo til naboområderne, det sydlige Serbien og Makedonien. For det “afvæbnede” Kosovo-protektorat var hovedansvarlig for disse ting de seneste år.

Resultaterne af Milosevics autoritære politik er selvfølgelig at Kosovo ikke kan vende tilbage til sin stilling før 1999. Det anerkender Beograd i dag. Det internationale samfund for sin del nægter derimod at indse, at FN, NATO, EU og OSCE er mislykkedes totalt i deres forsøg på at skabe dét multietniske, tolerante og sikre Kosovo, som man påstod, at bombningerne skulle muliggøre.

Stort set ingen af 200.000 serbere og titusinder af andre ikke-albanere, der blev fordrevet af albanske nationalister og terrorister i 1999 – 2000, er vendt tilbage.

I forhold til befolkningstallet er det den største etniske udrensning i det forhenværende Jugoslavien. En halv million serbere i dagens Serbien er mennesker fordrevet fra Kroatien, Bosnien og Kosovo; det er Europas største – men helt oversete – flygtningeproblem. Man taler ikke om det. Kosovos økonomi ligger i ruiner – 70 % er arbejdsløse og økonomien er helt mafia-integreret.

Der er aldrig kun én løsning på et komplekst problem. Der er et utal af tænkelige løsninger mellem Kosovos gamle form for selvstyre og fuld uafhængighed, forskellige kombinationer af myndighedsfordeling på flere niveauer. De bør alle være på forhandlingsbordet,.

Således kan man tænke sig et borgernes eller civilsamfundets Kosovo, hvor den etniske baggrund er uden betydning; kantonisering, konsociering, forbundsstat, kondominium (to administrerer en tredje), dobbelt selvbestemmelse for minoriteterne dér og i Sydserbien, deling, formynderskab/forvalterskab, uafhængighed med særlige egenskaber,så som “bløde” grænser, ingen hær og garantier mod sammenslutning med Albanien.

Det mindst kreative af alt er “kun-en-løsning”, som alle de store foreslår det – fuldstændig uforeneligt med enhver anden aktörs “kun-en-mulig-løsning”.

Endelig vil ingen formel status kunne fungere, hvis folk forsætter med at hade hinanden og ikke ser nogen udviklingsmuligheder. Hvis vi ignorerer de menneskelige behov for mindskelse af frygten, dybere forsoning og økonomisk genrejsning, så bliver et uafhængigt Kosovo en anden “mislykket” stat, måske opslugt af borgerkrig. Selv et etnisk rent, kun-albansk-Kosovo er ingen garanti for regional stabilitet. Det kunne hurtigt blive en farlig byrde for EU.

Kosovo handler ikke kun om denne provins’ fremtid; men også om regionens og EUs. Faktisk handler Kosovo om verdenspolitik. I denne 11. time skulle FN, EU og USA omvurdere deres politik fra 1990erne og anerkende behovet for en mere intellektuelt og politisk åben tilgang, end hvad man har stået for hidtil. Stivhed, [kombineret med] manglende principfasthed og ønsketænkning kan let – endnu en gang – vise sig at være fjender af en holdbar fred i denne region.

TFF har virket med konfliktanalyse og -lægning i alle dele af det tidligere Jugoslavien siden 1991. Arbejdsgrupper fra TFF fungere i 1990erne som goodwill-rådgivere både for jugoslaviske regeringer og den nuværende præsident Ibrahim Rugovas kosovoalbanske ledelse.

Der findes mange andre lænker om krisen i Kosovo – og en fortegnelse over praktisk taget alle TFFs analyser og debatartikler her.

Oversat af Orla Jordal, www.jordals.dk, som en public service.

© TFF and the author 2005

"September 2003 - present: PhD in Journalism and Communications, University of Belgrade. Working on the PhD thesis « Journalistic Responsibility in Crisis Situations : a Case-study Analysis of the Relationship between Media Management and Ethical Reporting ». 1996- 1997: Masters (M.A.) in International Affairs-Conflict Analysis, Carleton University, Ottawa Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa. A-level GPA - Defended thesis ""with distinction"": ""Influence of the Media on Preventive Diplomacy: Three Cases from the Yugoslav Conflict"". 1992-1996: Bachelor of Journalism (B.J.) - Highest Honors in Journalism and Political Science, Carleton University, Ottawa"

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