PressInfo #187 - Nye chanser for FN

Den irakiske fiasko åbner for en historisk chanse for at gennemføre en længe savnet, bredt støttet reform, som FN behøver for at kunne sikre sin uafhængighed og sin vitale rolle i dette nye århundrede.

Sammenbruddet i Sikkerhedsrådet på grund af USA’s krig mod Irak, giver et godt billede af de forældede rutiner. En overleveret arv fra efterkrigstiden (de fem stående medlemmer: USA, Stor Britanien, Frankrig, Kina og Rusland med hver deres vetoret) viser til syvende og sidst alle de ubrugelige aspekter i en nøddeskal.

De fleste reformivrere er enige om Sikkerhedsrådets uundværlighed – og også om hvilken form og retning forbedringerne skal have. Rådet må definitivt gøre en ende på vetoretten – et relikie der i sin tid blev givet til vinderne af Den 2.Verdenskrig. Så der skal møbleres om på de permanente stole så der kan blive plads til vigtige nye medsiddere ved det globale bord, deriblandt Indien, Brasilien, Japan, Sydafrika og det nyligt demokratiserede Indonesien, der har verdens største muslimske befolkning. For at holde rådets størrelse på et håndterligt niveau, kunne Englands og Frankrigs stole slås sammen til én der går på skift og istedet repræsenterer hele EU.

En anden længe savnet sikkerhedsreform – vigtigere nu end nogensinde i en verden med terrorisme og asymmetriske trusler – er en stående FN-fredsbevarende og humanitær styrke, veluddannet og i stand til at møde trusler mod sikkerheden samt naturkatastrofer. Sammen med Interpol kunne en sådan professionel enhed overvåge terroristgrupper.

Finansiering af disse funktioner og alle FN’s humanitære og udviklingsfremmende operationer, behøver ikke længere afhænge bare af medlemslandendes kontingent. Modstridigheden fra USA, der stadig skylder FN over 500 millioner dollars i ubetalte afgifter, har vist at nye, mere pålidelige finansieringskilder er nødvendige. Det er ønskværdigt med et lavere bidrag fra USA for at muliggøre en mindsket amerikansk indflydelse.

FN, med dets minimale årlige budget på 1.25 milliarder dollars (en fjerdedel af New York City’s), kan udnytte en række nye finansielle ressourcer. Mange af disse promoveres af et globalt NGO-samfund og civilpolitiske netverk med voksende magt. Mange blev forelagt og dokumenteret i PrepCom-rapporten fra FN-topmødet om finansiering af udvikling i Monterey, Mexico, i 2002. Der talte man bl.a. om meget lave indbetalinger (1% eller mindre) af de 1.5 trillioner dollars der dagligt omsættes i pengetransaktioner, hvilket kunne komme op på adskillige hundrede milliarder dollars årligt. Dette system ville samtidig kunne opfylde yderligere et formål, nemlig at sætte en bremse på den spekulation som udgør 90% af alle transaktioner, og således begrænse den destruktive strøm af “varme penge” der destabiliserer medlemslandenes indenrigsøkonomi.

Andre, ligeledes mulige og vel undersøgte, forslag går ud på at beskatte global transport og flyvebilletter (som ofte ikke dækker de sociale og miljømæssige omkostninger), og tillade FN at sælge obligationer i lighed med Verdensbankens funktioner. Mangen en bedsteforælder kunne på denne måde hjælpe til med at sikre en fredeligere fremtid for sine børnebørn. Indsigten om atsikkerhedsspørgsmål, fra ensidigt at ses som et militært anliggende, lægges over på forsikrings- og risikovejende institutioner – mere i stil med vore dages informationsverden – har åbnet for det udmærkede forslag til et FN-forsikringsselskab (United Nations Insurance Agency, UNSIA) som en gren af Sikkerhedsrådet.

UNSIA ville kunne give en ny forretningsplatform til gavn for forsikringsindustrien: Bedømme risici, udskrive regler der garanterer fredsbevarende støtte og humanitær hjælp, inden det er for sent, til lande der ansøger derom når de er truet såvel indefra som udefra. Mange lande har indset hvilke fordele det var for Costa Rica at afskaffe militæret i 1947. At overføre disse udgifter til investering i social- og humankapital har slynget Costa Rica op på “1.verden”- status på FN’s register for menneskelig udvikling. Premierne fra en sådan forsikringspolitik ville kunne bekoste Sikkerhedsrådets behov for hurtig ekspansion, fredsbevarende beredskab og humanitære insatser. Disse opgaver vil fortsat blive holdt i vigør og tilført midler fra villige medlemslande som bl.a.Canada.

Alle sådanne bæredygtige forslag til at sprede FN‚s økonomiske grundlag er grundigt blevet undersøgt, og mange af dem, f.eks. UNSIA, er blevet støttet af adskillige freds-nobelpristagere.

Hvorfor har de ligget hen i så mange år, ja årtier, uden at blive sat i værk? Først var det kold-krigspolitikken, og senere stødte de på senator Jesse Helms og andre højrepolitikeres energiske modstand i USA. Stærke økonomiske interesser kæmpede imod en fordeling af magt mellem FN og dets to finansagenturer, Verdensbanken og den Internationale Monetære Fond, der fik en styrkende “Washingtonkonsensus” for en økonomisk politi, som blev trukket ned over hovedet på udviklingslandene. Den type modstand er nu i miskredit!

Selv om mange af disse fond-forslag igen fik bifald af globale NGO’er og udviklingslande fra G-77-gruppen i FN’s Finansering af Udvikling PrepComs, blev de i al stilfærdighed nedlagt ved veto af USA’s FN-ambassadør, John Negroponte, efter ordre fra Bush-administrationen. I dag er Bush‚ popularitet hastigt dalende, 54% af USA’s befolkning mener at han har gjort et temmelig usselt arbejde (Reuters-Zogby, sep.2003)

Henved en majoritet forkaster den unilaterale, forebyggende-angrebspolitik indgået af Bush og hans neokonservative kabinet: Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz og deres “entreprenøriske grå eminence”, Richard Perle (stadig medlem af Det forsvarspolitiske Nævn, trods mængden af hans åbenlyse finansielle interessekonflikter). Den underskudsbefængte USA-økonomi, med dens høje niveau af arbejdsløshed, er nu de stemmeberettigedes hovedbekymring. Bush’s katastrofale politik har ført til en genkomst af Taliban og krigsherrementaliteten i Afghanistan, og til en yderligere fordybning af det irakiske morads.

Verden indser igen hvilken uundværlig rolle FN spiller som det eneste forum der kan forene alle nationer. Selv Bush-regeringen, nu dybt splittet, beder om hjælp i FN. USA ansøger om at få tildelt “byrdefordeling”, økonomisk hjælp til dets ilde sete irakiske eventyr. Bare FN kan legitimere uvillige medlemslandes involvering i genopbygningen af Irak.

Præsident Georg W.Bush’s far, George H.W. Bush, kunne måske hjælpe sin søn til at indse at FN aldrig vil være “irrelevant”. Generalsekretær Kofi Annan har styret FN gennem denne sidste tids storme med sikker hånd, trods anklagerne om at give for meget efter for USA’s påtrykninger. Annan har indført mange fornyelser, bl.a. hans FN Global Compact’s “Ni Principper for god Aktieselskabsmoral” omkring menneskerettigheder, arbejdsretlige instanser og miljø, indtil nu underskrevet af 1000 virksomheder over hele verden.

I dag, trods dysterheden, ser vi en ny era som åbner for muligheder til revitalisering af FN. Disse mange nye finansielle ressourcer og en fornyet global goodwill kan atter få verdens tillid til at vokse. Hele 63% af den amerikanske offentlighed står solidt bag et FN i spidsen for den globale sikkerhed og for fredsbevarende aktioner. At sætte disse reformer i gang måtte forekomme de tusinder afghanere, irakere, liberianere og andre uskyldige at være en passende dødsrune på den gamle orden, ligesom en attribut til de mange flygtninge spredt for alle vinde, de mishandlede kvinder og de sultne børn.

Det er ikke sådan at der mangler penge i verden – det handler om fejlagtige prioriteringer, ikke levedygtige økonomiske ideologier og infekterede våbenbudgetter. En fjerdedel af verdens våbenudgifter – sammen med nogle af de internationelle skatter på spekulation og anden misbrug af verdenssamfundets fælles ejendom – kan forsyne verden med de nødvendige offentlige goder som

fredsbevarelse, sundhed og uddannelse til alle, renere luft og vand, forbedring af miljøet og millioner af nye arbejdspladser og mulighed for mennesker til at forsørge sig selv. Globaliseringen kan få et menneskeligt ansigt. World Social Forum (den verdensomspændende sociale forum-bevægelse) har vist at en anden verden er mulig – og opnåelig!

Hazel Henderson har skrevet “Beyond Globalization” og andre bøger. Hun var medudgiver af “FN: Politik og finansiering af alternativer“, Elsevier, UK (1995), sammen med Harlan Cleveland og Inge Kaul, hvor disse forslag er analyseret i detaljer.

© TFF 2003

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