PressInfo #74 - Neki moralni aspekti intervencije NATO-a na KosovuDrugi deo (B)

Stereotipi i diskriminacija

Zapitajte se da li bi NATO-ovo bombardovanje i okupacija koja mu je sledila uopšte bilo moguće u bilo kojoj drugoj zemlji današnje Evrope. Postoji li ijedna druga zemlja sem Jugoslavije i ijedna nacija osim Srba koja bi bila dovoljno prezrena? U žiži interesovanja medija bile su patnje i stradanja albanskih izbeglica, ali da li su i koliko mediji pokrili patnje srpskih, goranskih, crnogorskih, turskih i romskih izbeglica s Kosova? Izbeglički logori u Makedoniji i Albaniji su se prosto preselili u naše dnevne sobe – no da li se isto dogodilo i sa patnjama ljudi koji su živeli pod bombama ili su od njih bežali širom bombama razvaljene Jugoslavije?

O nedavnom nasilju albanskih ekstremista protiv Srba izveštava se s „razumevanjem“, ono se predstavlja kao (opravdana) osveta za sve što su srpska policija, vojska i paravojne jedinice uradile. Međutim, nijednom mediju koji ovu priču priča na ovakav način nije ni kraj pameti bilo da eventualno „objasni“ kako bi i srpsko etničko čišćenje koje je nastupilo posle početka NATO-ovog bombardovanja moglo biti jednako toliko „opravdano“ i kako bi i njega mogli da shvatimo kao izraz NJIHOVE ljutnje zbog onoga što su ONI shvatili kao razaranje čitave NJIHOVE zemlje naručeno ili izazvano – a kao što i jeste bilo – od strane svih, od umerenih do ekstremnih, kosovskih Albanaca.

Svi mi znamo kako bi humanitarnu pomoć trebalo deliti isključivo prema potrebama. No, ljudi koji žive u Jugoslaviji neće dobiti nikakvu humanitarnu pomoć sve dok na njihovom čelu bude Slobodan Milošević. Dođe čoveku da se zapita da li su to baš svi predstavnici međunarodnih humanitarnih organizacija odlučili da odu na kolektivni godišnji odmor? Još od početka devedesetih svet se o ljudskim i manjinskim pravima Srba nikada nije brinuo onoliko koliko se brinuo o pravima, na primer, Hrvata, Bošnjaka ili Albanaca.

U društvenim naukama, uvođenje stereotipa definiše se kao „jednostran, preuveličan i obično pun predrasuda pogled na neku grupu, pleme ili klasu ljudi, a koji je najčešće povezan s rasizmom ili seksizmom“. Stereotipi su često vrlo žilavi i teško ih je promeniti ili ispraviti čak i čvrstim dokazima o suprotnom zato što se pomoću njih stvaraju i jačaju osećanja društvene pripadnosti i solidarnosti. I zaista, nije ni najmanje verovatno da ni SAD i NATO nisu bar donekle poradili na stvaranju takvih stereotipa kojima bi poduprli uverljivost Saveza i solidarnost unutar njega.

  • Autoritarnom politikom podriva se međunarodna demokratija

NATO sada ima skoro potpuni monopol na kontrolu i upravljanje sukobima. UN, EU, pojedinačne vlade zemalja regiona, OEBS, nevladine organizacije – sve su napustile ovaj region kad je NATO odlučio da tu nastupi. Ni jedna vlada bilo koje NATO države nije objavila ovaj rat, nijedan parlament tih država nije glasanjem odlučivao o učešću svoje zemlje u ovoj kampanji. (Nasuprot njima, „diktatorski“ parlament u Beogradu jeste raspravljao i o planu iz Rambujea i o planu G8.) Ni jedna od zapadnih demokratija nije se usudila da ospori skoro potpunu američku vojnu i političku dominaciju u celoj ovoj operaciji, niti dominaciju „Kvinte“ – pet najvećih NATO lidera. Predsednik Klinton je prekršio Zakon o ratnim ovlašćenjima; nijednu zemlju koja nije članica NATO-a nisu konsultovali kada su Kosovo komadali na „mirovne“ zone; oni koji su donosili odluke u NATO-u prekršili su nebrojene nacionalne i međunarodne zakone i ljudska prava, a činjenica da će za sve to proći nekažnjeno sada je postala novo pravilo. Zbog čega je sve ovo važno? Zato što je svaka od ovih činjenica rezultat nečijeg izbora i nečije moralne odluke.

Sa stanovišta svetske demokratije, ogromni je korak unazad to što su Ujedinjene nacije pozvane samo da „podrže“ NATO-ovu akciju, a ne da služe kao telo koje izražava volju međunarodne zajednice – čitave međunarodne zajednice. O važnim međunarodnim odlukama sve se više raspravlja i one se sve više donose u manje transparentnim forumima kao što su G7, Kontakt grupa, Davos ili – ko bi ga znao – Bilderberg, a izlazi iz kriznih situacija sve češće se traže putem mobilnih telefona. Grupa G7 je u suštini napisala Rezoluciju 1244 Saveta bezbednosti UN.

Izraz „međunarodna zajednica“ korišćen je kao deo propagande. Njime su označavali desetak šefova država i njihovih ministara spoljnih poslova – ne čak ni svih 19 zemalja članica NATO-a. Da je međunarodna zajednica zaista bila ključni akter, kako objasniti da Ujedinjene nacije – sa deset puta više članica od NATO-a – nisu bile centralni forum, glavni činilac i pregovarač? Zašto sadašnju misiju nisu uspostavile i vodile Ujedinjene nacije?

Retorika je dodatno ubrzala klizanje ka autoritarizmu: kada Zapadu više nije bio potreban Milošević, prozvan je diktatorom, serijskim etničkim čistačem itd., a sada postoji i predlog da se Jugoslavija označi kao teroristička država. Fraze poput „Amerika je jasno stavila do znanja…“ ili „Mi smo više puta dokazali da…“ značile su da svi ostali moraju da se slože. „Milošević zna šta treba da uradi ako želi da bombardovanje prestane.“ „Ovih pet uslova mora biti ispunjeno pre nego što ćemo uopšte razmotriti prekid bombardovanja.“ Jači postavlja pravila igre – da bi ponizio.

  • Nedostaje transparentnost – zašto niko nije objavio tekst Rambujea

NATO se od početka definisao kao organizacija koja ne pregovara. Rambuje – jeftina medijsko-diplomatska manipulacija – bio je diktat (što su mogli videti svi koji su tekst pročitali). Tekstovi Rambujea – original, proširena verzija i verzija jugoslovenske vlade – ključni su istorijski dokumenti koji objašnjavaju zašto je NATO krenuo u rat, šta traži na Balkanu i šta se tamo planira. Ipak, nijedna NATO vlada nije ih prevela i objavila uz objašnjenje kako su ti „pregovori“ vođeni. Zašto građanima nije pružena prilika da sami procene: da li je to bio mirovni sporazum? Da li je vođena fer igra? Da li je bilo opravdano započeti bombardovanje jer je Beograd rekao „ne“?

  • Prekršeni su i postulati samog NATO-a

Ono što je počelo kao bombardovanje „jer ne žele da potpišu Rambuje“ brzo je postalo bombardovanje „jer je Milošević imao plan etničkog čišćenja“. Pri tom je zanemarena činjenica da je 13 meseci trajao građanski rat, koji je započeo tek nakon pojave OVK.

Skoro sve masovne grobnice otkrivene na Kosovu potiču iz perioda nakon 24. marta, kada je NATO započeo bombardovanje. To ne dokazuje da je NATO sprečio genocid, već ukazuje da je intervencija proizvela suprotan efekat od onog koji se danas predstavlja.

Suprotno NATO tvrdnjama, malo ko danas veruje da bombardovanje Jugoslavije nije bilo kršenje povelje NATO-a i akt agresije. Malo ko misli da je Evropa stabilnija nego pre 24. marta. Malo ko smatra da je bilo opravdano ubiti toliki broj civila. Dokazi pokazuju da su javnosti servirane preuveličane priče o vojnim uspesima. Ipak, mnogi i dalje veruju da NATO nije izazvao humanitarnu katastrofu, već je sprečio.

  • Izazivanje moćnika kao moralni imperativ intelektualca

Direktor TFF-a zaključuje: „Mnogi će ovo nazvati ‘pro-srpskim argumentima’. Ali to je uprošćavanje složenog problema na moralizatorsko pitanje – Na čijoj ste strani? Mora biti moguće zamisliti različite dijagnoze, prognoze i pristupe upravljanju sukobima. Liberalna demokratija mora omogućiti da se i takva mišljenja čuju, čak i kada nisu politički korektna.“

U svetu ispunjenom nasiljem, „politički korektno traganje za mirom“ nije istinsko traganje za mirom. Posebno je teško ostati analitički objektivan kada su NATO projekat predvodili političari koji su nekada bili mirovni aktivisti i kritičari militarizma.

„Ključno pitanje ostaje“, završava Oberg, „kako naučiti da sukobe posmatramo kao kompleksne fenomene koji uključuju istoriju, strukture, kulturu i psihologiju – i kako ih rešavati sa što manje nasilja.“

© TFF 1999

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