Vesten bør reagere på Irans åbne vindue

Af Birgitte Rahbek

Trykt i Kristeligt Dagblad 11. juli 2014


Birgitte Rahbek


Lige fra den syriske krigs begyndelse har det været et standende emne, om krigen kunne vindes – og dermed standses – ved at sende våben til oprørerne eller ved at gribe ind med flyveforbudszoner eller direkte intervention. På et meget tidligt tidspunkt gjorde NATO det klart, at en intervention ikke kunne komme på tale; det er der megen fornuft i, bortset fra at det måske havde været klogere ikke at sige det højt, for det fremmede ikke just det syriske regimes fredsvilje.

I mellemtiden har den overvejende holdning været, at Vesten hverken kan eller skal gribe ind, og at vejen til en fredelig løsning går gennem forhandlinger. FN har to gange sat erfarne diplomater til at føre forhandlingerne, men uden at de har kunnet komme igennem med en fredsplan, især fordi der blandt vestlige ledere og mellemøstlige autokrater hersker en stærk uvilje mod at forhandle fred med fjenden, som i denne forbindelse – ud over den syriske præsident og hans klan – har været Iran og Rusland.

Selv efter at Iran sidste år valgte en moderat præsident, har Vesten (af hensyn til Israel) tøvet med at inddrage Iran, der er allieret med det syriske regime, i forhandlingerne. For de fleste var det derfor ikke uventet, at disse forhandlinger ikke førte til hverken våbenhvile eller fred.

Da DIIS (Det Danske Institut for Internationale Studier) sammen med udenrigsministeriet og Europarådet i slutningen af maj afholdt en konference: ‘Hvordan kan en regional aftale hjælpe til at afslutte krigen i Syrien’, nævnte den danske udenrigsminister i sin åbningstale ikke muligheden af at sende våben til oprørerne, et synspunkt som han ellers kort forinden havde gjort sig til talsmand for. Hvis han havde gjort det, ville hans eneste forbundsfælle på konferencen have været den saudiarabiske deltager, hvis indlæg kunne sammenfattes til: “send flere våben”.

Til gengæld talte udenrigsministeren meget om, at de ansvarlige for grusomhederne i Syrien skal stilles for den internationale domstol i Haag. Det blev senere på konferencen indirekte besvaret af repræsentanten for den syriske opposition og vicedirektør for Det Arabiske Reform Initiativ, Bassma Kodmani. Hun understregede flere gange, at ja, vi ønsker fred, og ja, vi ønsker retfærdighed, men hvis vi skal vælge mellem de to, så kommer freden først. Der er næppe tvivl om, at den holdning deles af langt de fleste syrere. Bassma Kodmani understregede at store dele af den syriske stat stadig fungerer og derfor kan videreføres under nye demokratiske forhold; det vigtigste er at undgå kaos, som er det alle syrere frygter.

Nogle af de mest interessante og overraskende indlæg på konferencen kom fra de to iranske paneldeltagere. Professor Farhat Atai fra Teherans Universitet talte om, hvordan trusselsbilledet og den syriske konflikt ser ud fra Teheran. Atai forklarede, at alliancen mellem Iran og Syrien ikke er ideologisk eller religiøs, det syriske regime fremstiller jo også sig selv som socialistisk og sekulært, men at det først og fremmest skyldes, at Syrien var det eneste arabiske land, der støttede Iran, da det året efter den islamiske revolution i 1979 blev angrebet af Saddam Husseins tropper.

Professoren forklarede, at Iran lige siden revolutionen har følt sig truet, ikke alene af Irak, men også og ikke mindst af USA, efter at de neokonservative med George W. Bush kom til magten med deres Greater Middle East Initiative, som var en trussel mod alle de stater i området, der var imod Israel. De så, hvordan denne politik blev ført ud i livet i relation til palæstinenserne og irakerne, og de forstod, at planen var at gå videre med Syrien og Iran.

Efter at George Bush forlod den politiske scene, blev de neokonservatives plan lagt på hylden, men da det arabiske forår brød igennem, håbede mange i den iranske eksilopposition, at når de arabiske regimer, herunder det syriske, var faldet, ville turen komme til Iran. For Teheran var dette ikke et håb, men en frygt. For Iran er Syrien og dets libanesiske allierede Hizbollah afgørende for dets egen position og sikkerhed i området.

Iran frygter, at Syrien vil blive splittet op. Derved svækkes de kræfter, der udgør et bolværk mod Israel, et land som Iran frygter, fordi det åbenlyst har talt for intervention og angreb på Iran, og fordi det med sine stærke forbindelser i Washington øver stor indflydelse på den amerikanske politik i Mellemøsten.

Iran bekymrer sig også om shiiterne i området – og i verden – da de udgør en minoritet af verdens 1,6 milliarder muslimer. Det er dog ikke iranerne, der har ønsket den rivaliseren, der er opstået mellem Saudi Arabien og Iran.

Iran støtter derfor, at Syrien bliver bevaret som ét land, og at den syriske stat ikke bryder sammen, som det skete med den irakiske i 2003. Til gengæld satser iranerne ikke længere på Bashar al-Assad.

Ifølge Professor Atai “er mange i den iranske ledelse nu kommet til den konklusion, at Syrien ikke kan holde sammen som et stabilt og forenet land, så længe Assad er ved magten. På krigens fjerde år forventer ingen, at Bashar al-Assad vil genvinde sin magt og myndighed over Syrien. Teheran interesserer sig i virkeligheden ikke ret meget for Assad og hans regime …

Som et minimum ønsker Teheran en regering i Damaskus, som ikke er fjendtlig over for Iran. Som et maksimum ville det hellere have en allieret, der kan være en partner og fremme Teherans politik i Levanten.” Samtidig pointerede professor Atai, at det ikke står i Irans magt at presse Bashar al-Assad ud, men måske at få ham til at forstå nødvendigheden af at danne en koalitionsregering med såvel den indre som den ydre opposition.

Også den anden iranske deltager, Kayhan Barzegan, direktør for Institute for Middle East Strategic Studies i Teheran, lod dødsklokkerne ringe for Bashar al-Assad.

Man må derfor håbe, at Vesten og Rusland ikke får malet sig så meget op i hver deres hjørne i Ukraine, at de ikke kan finde tilbage til forhandlingsbordet om Syrien og trække tæppet væk under Assad uden også at trække det væk under den syriske stat.

Bassma Kodmani understregede netop betydningen af at bevare de statslige institutioner, herunder hæren, som hun mener stadig kan betegnes som en national hær, også selvom den har været involveret i mange krigsforbrydelser.

Men det er også vigtigt, at få oprørernes hovedsponsorer, nemlig Golfstaterne, til at indse, at det ikke er flere og større våben, der er brug for, men derimod en forståelse for at denne krig ikke kan vindes militært.

I sit afsluttende indlæg sagde direktøren for Europarådets Mellemøst- og Nordafrikaprogram, Daniel Levy, at det vigtige nu er at styrke bestræbelserne på at få en atomaftale i stand mellem Iran og USA, for kun en sådan aftale vil kunne få Saudi Arabien til at forstå, at det er nødvendigt med kompromisser over for Syrien. Og kun en sådan aftale vil kunne lægge en dæmper på den stedfortræderkrig, der foregår i Syrien mellem alle områdets stater.

Den seneste udvikling i Irak med ISILs kalifale aspiranter har gjort et samarbejde med Iran endnu mere påkrævet. USA og dets allierede, både her og i Mellemøsten, har på grund af manglende viden og forståelse for forholdene forårsaget mange katastrofer i regionen. Man har først og fremmest lyttet til militærfolk og folk med personlige aktier i områdets destabilisering.

Det har medført en alt for sort-hvid og sekterisk tilgang til problemerne. I stedet bør man inddrage folk med et dybtgående historisk, politologisk og antropologisk kendskab kombineret med en basal psykologisk viden og, ikke mindst, erfaring med international konfliktløsning.

Birgitte Rahbek er kultursociolog og konfliktrådsmægler, TFF Associeret.

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