Husker Du den lille vietnamesiske pige, der løb fra amerikanske napalmbomber? Piloten kom aldrig over sin ugerning og blev præst. For et par år siden traf de to hinanden, hun tilgav ham på stedet og omfavnede ham med et smil. Og – om kort tid vises i USA en film om Pete Peterson, en anden bombepilot, som sad i vietnamesisk fængsel i 6 år, kom hjem og blev medlem af kongressen og deltog i forsoningsarbejdet mellem de to lande – “jeg kan ikke gøre det om der skete, men jeg kan hjælpe til med at bygge fremtiden.” I 1996 blev han USAs ambassadør i Hanoi og sidste år giftede han sig med vietnamesiske Vi Ly.

Tillad mig den påstand at vi aldrig vil lykkes at hjælpe krigsførende til fred, medmindre vi sætter de menneskelige dimensioner af konflikter, krig og genopbygning i centrum. Ødelagte huse og infrastruktur er det principielt let nok at genskabe, det drejer sig stort set kun om penge, materialer og organisation.

Med mennesker – det enkelte menneske – i krig er det anderledes. Her drejer det sig om at “genopbygge” sjælen, om kollektiv og individuel identitet, om behovstilfredsstillelse, fællesskaber, kulturudfoldelse, tilliden til sig selv og andre, en tro på – og et håb om – at der er en fremtid efter helvedet. Og om at leve med smerten uden at blive fortæret af lysten til had og hævn.

Det handler om at hjælpe mennesker med at komme igennem og ud af de traumer, de ofte pådrager sig (særligt de yngste og yngre, der er mindst beskyttede og mest udsatte). Uskyldige ofre skal have en bekræftelse på at de led og – nok så meget – skal de stakler, der voldførtes af højere ordregivere og selv forbrød sig, have hjælp og rehabiliteres.

På disse områder står vi internationalt, nationalt og ofte individuelt mer eller mindre på bar bund. Og det er ikke i første række et spørgsmål om hverken penge, teknik eller organisation eller om “markedet.”Man kan ikke tvinge nogen til at tilgive eller angre; det må komme indefra. Men man kan hjælpe til.

Her ligger, tror jeg, den egentlige humanitære intervention. Den kræver mod, indlevelse, medfølelse, god tid, mange mennesker, lidt teknik. Og har intet med magt at gøre.

Giverlande mødes og lover hjælp, investeringer og handel – under forudsætning af at modtagerne føjer sig i deres krav. Men indsatser for tilgivelse, forsoning, fredsskabelse, behovsanalyse, ikkevoldelig konfliktløsning, fredsundervisning, forhandlingsteknik, tolerance, sameksistens og mellemfolkelig forståelse finder vi hverken på hjælpebudgetter, i Verdensbanken lånevilkår eller i de mandater udsendte politi og soldater har med sig. (Der tales måske nok om menneskerettigheder og demokrati, men det er ikke det samme som forsoning og vil dybere set aldrig fungere uden). Disse vitale felter varetages af nogle få idealistiske eksperter og folkelige organisationer i nogle af konfliktområderne men langtfra i alle.

Herhjemme er det lettere at tale om kroppen og fysisk sygdom end om psykisk sygdom og f.eks. selvmord; dog kan psykiskt syge håbe på hjælp. Men gad vide om vi behøver mer end én hånd for at regne de soldater, politi og civile, der nu udsendes af regeringer til Kosovo og har professionel uddannelse og træning i de menneskelige dimensioner, såsom tilgivelse?

Der findes kun et par få og små forskningscentre i verden, der arbejder med tilgivelse og forsoning. Et af dem The International Forgiveness Institute i Wisconsin. I dets nyhedsbrev ser jeg, at det ikke var før end i 1995 den første universitetskonference om tilgivelse blev afholdt og at der kun findes 110 værker på engelsk udgivet de sidste 2300 år!

Tilgivelse er individuel, man giver afkald på f.eks. vrede eller krav om hævn. Tilgiveren lægger bånd på sit had eller uforsonlighed og kan, når det rækker dybt, tilbyde voldsmanden/-kvinden en generøsitet, et samarbejde eller ligefrem kærlighed. Ægte tilgivelse betyder at man befrier sig selv fra vreden og hadet og kommer videre. Man glemmer derimod ikke, men tildeler sorgen og skaden en afgrænset plads for at leve rigere. Tilgivelse er en psykologisk mulig og moralsk villet respons på en andens uretfærdige handling. Tilgivelse er at ikke give tilbage med samme mønt, fordi det vil ødelægge en selv, den anden eller relationen.

Forsoning kræver minimum to. De giver hinanden hånden efter en erkendelses- eller sandhedsproces og møder hinanden i respekt, ikke for det gjorte men for den uomtvistelige omstændighed at de begge er mennesker. Ja, man erkender endog af og til ens egen medskyld i miséren eller forstår (uden at acceptere) hvorfor den anden ville eller måtte forvolde skade.*

Om disse svære, eksistentielle processer – der samtidig er afgørende for at forebygge voldsudgydelser og for at lykkes med at skabe fred efter dem – behøves grundforskning: af hvad der i historiens løb har fået individer til at tilgive; vi har brug for studier af kulturers stærke og svage sider hvad gælder forsoning og tilgivelse, og for en systematisk udvikling af teknikker, der kan hjælpe de uforsonlige. Der er brug for at uddanne kyndige, der kan bringe netop den dimension ind i bredere hjælpeindsatser og være terapeuter/hjælpere for den enkelte.

Verden har ikke brug forhære af soldater, men for hære af modne og veluddannede med forstand på hvorfor mennesker begår u-menneskelige handlinger og på hvordan vi får dem at angre det.

Derfor idéen om forsoningscentre eller -institutter/-akademier, der kan forske, uddanne og hjælpe andre – herunder diplomater, magthavere, internationale organisationers stabe og medier – til at få en større forståelse for de mangesidede menneskelige perspektiver, herunder tilgivelse.

De bør oprettes i områder med konflikter og med mulighed for lokalt medejerskab. Dér skal de være en tillidsskabende foranstaltning og deres medarbejdere gribe ind i tide, når en konflikt er på vej at overgå i vold. Der skal lokale og internationale mødes og skabe indsatser, der også bygger på de lokale samfunds traditionelle mekanismer for tilgivelse og forsoning.

Et sådant forslag stillede jeg i en svensk udenrigsminsteriel udredning for snart tre år siden. Idéer der bryder mod det vante paradigme tar lidt tid, men mon ikke begivenheder som dem i Kosovo taler for sådanne indsatser? De nordiske lande kunne tage initiativ til at financiere lokalt drevne multikulturelle og multikompetente forsoningsakademier på Balkan, Afrikas Horn, eller i f.eks. Burundi. De ville de næppe gøre ondt værre.

*) Mere kan læses i Dorte Broen og Vibeke Vindeløv 1999, “Konflikt og forsoning. 11 indlæg om en vanskelig, men nødvendig proces,” Hans Reitzels forlag og Dansk Flygtningehjælp (186 sider).

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