BREAKING: TFF Statement - "Convert Military Expenditures To Global Problem-Solving"

Summary
On top of all the global problems we must solve as soon as possible comes the Corona. This statement argues that the priorities of the world are – well, perverse; everything the UN does amounts to 3% of the global military expenditures.
TFF’s Board suggests that all countries reduce their military by 50% immediately. That would save about US$ 1000 billion. And that that huge sum should be re-allocated to solve the problems we had and the socio-economic consequences of the Corona pandemic.
That would also – finally – be a step to prove that governments are willing to implement a policy for true disarmament and move towards human and common security for the common good.
In a civilised world, this should be common sense.

If you do not want to read the whole argument, just scroll down and sign this statement.

“We’ve likely only seen the beginnings of the worldwide economic consequences of the Coronavirus. For those who want to see, there are forecasts of a deep economic crisis written on all the walls.

Before the Corona, the world faced huge problems that – among other resources – require funds to solve: huge sums. Think the 17 UN Development Goals, think technological innovation; think the global climate/warming crisis; think the rebuilding of war-torn countries and think the reduction towards zero and repatriation of the world’s 80 million displaced people.



And think funds to convert the present military systems towards another, less costly way of creating security. We have just experienced how the outdated non-human security has deprived us of the needed resources when the Corona hit. Recklessly, virtually all governments had ignored a predictable civilian challenge but wasted billions of taxpayer money on weapons and war.

The Corona should be a wake-up call.

Crisis means both…

So we ask: Where are the funds going to come from to solve humanity’s most urgent problems before they become too big to solve? 

It seems that most governments believe that the annual world military expenditures – ranging around US$ 2000 billion, the highest ever – can be maintained. Some even believe their national expenditures must increase substantially.

The same governments believe that the world’s most important organisation of which they are all members – the United Nations and its organisations – can do what it must on a regular budget of US$ 3 billion and total annual expenditures of US$ 50-60 billion. That is 3 per cent of the costs of global militarism.

Those are the priorities of our world. It’s not sustainable in Corona times – if it ever were. It is ethically indefensible too. And it produces neither security nor peace.

Perhaps the incomprehensible sum of US$ 2000 billion would be justified if the world experienced solid defence and security as well as trust, cooperation and peace.

But the fact is that there are more tension, hatred, dominance attempts, new kinds of wars added to old ones and much more terrorism than before the US-led Global War on Terror.

Furthermore, one country after the other has been destroyed since the end of the First Cold War in 1989-90. It has been possible thanks to a systematic violation of international law, including in particular the UN Charter.
 

• •

What to do?

Imagine that every country in the world would reduce its military expenditures by at least 50%. Then we would have US$ 1000 billion.

Is it a large or small sum?

It’s equivalent to what China in 2013 put behind the Belt and Road Initiative, BRI – a cooperative effort around infrastructure, fast physical and digital communication, sea and land transport, education and cultural exchange, and much more. Today it involves around 80 countries, some on all continents and it is open to everyone.

The philosophy behind it is, at least theoretically, one of peace. It dates back to the Panchsheel Treaty of 1954, the five principles of peaceful coexistence.

Beyond doubt, this is the largest and most positive cooperation project in today’s world. It is the project that will give birth to – if it has not already? – a new multi-polar world order based more on cooperation than confrontation.

There is, therefore, no doubt that a substantial conversion of, say, US$ 1000 billion from the military to the solution of humanity’s common problems would provide a desperately needed boost for the common good.

(This argument does not rest on any assumption that money is the primary tool to solve problems; that takes lots of non-material qualities. But with economies falling apart at a moment when all economies need funds for” rebooting humanity,” this is a straightforward thing to do with a rather large bang for the buck).

Additionally, lots of human and other resources, knowledge, experience and equipment today operated by the military could be converted and put to civilian tasks.

Such a conversion would boost employment – as there exists no documentation for the often-stated assertion that military investments boost employment more than civilian investments. It is, rather, comparatively wasteful.

It’s time for more global cooperation and less confrontation

Ours is not the time for more militarism, warfare and antagonism. The net effect of military investments is suffering, destruction (of lives, capital and property) and unavoidable environmental destruction.
 
Furthermore, every military dollar stands in the way of precisely  that global cooperation without which we are doomed. And it is not matched by a security or peace effect.

Time is up for those who strut about and try to master others by violence or the threat of it. Militarism and warfare are now as outdated and indefensible as is slavery, absolute monarchy, dictatorship, child labour, rape and discrimination. These are phenomena we have decided, in the name of civilisation, to abolish or condemn.

If you feel we cannot, very quickly, reduce or abolish militarism, nuclearism and warfare but should uphold at least some self-defensive military capacity, that should be discussed. It’s in line with Article 51 of the UN Charter.

That would mean much more dis-armament than the suggested 50% and it would mean trans-armament toward a new way of handling our unavoidable conflicts, create security in diversity and with defensive military and civilian means, and – thereby – realise the peaceful future which 99% of citizens around the world strongly desire.
 
There are, indeed, alternatives. But minds, as well as other resources, need to be liberated before it’s too late.

So, to begin with: Reduce everybody’s military expenditures equally much, say 50%. And see the marvellous positive results – politically, economically and in terms of peace. Then move on.

A better world is possible. And the Corona is a benign wake-up call compared with World War III.

We need to use the Corona crisis constructively.

In this 11th hour, humanity’s situation makes it abundantly clear to us that it is either cooperation and coexistence or destruction and no existence.”


TFF’s Board

Annette Schiffmann
Thore Vestby
Jan Oberg

Christina Spännar, co-founder

Almost 400 TFF Associates and friends of the foundation have already endorsed this statement – see them all further down. They are some of the most peace competent and concerned citizens in the world.

You can trust their judgement, and now it is your turn!

Thanks a lot!

TFF Associates

John Avery
Ina Curic
Gordon Dumoulin
Scilla Elworthy
Richard Falk
Mira Fey
Erni Friholt
Ola Friholt
Johan Galtung
Brajna Greenhalgh
Tim Hayward
Fredrik Heffermehl
Hazel Henderson
Christian Hårleman
Farhang Jahanpour
Jorgen Johansen
Jesper Munk Jakobsen
Peter Jarman
Liu Jian
Claus Kold
David Krieger
Evelin Lindner
David Loy
Mairead Maguire
Dragana Maksimovic
Jelena Mair
Kamran Mofid
Yusra Moshtat
Chantal Mutamuriza
Radmila Nakarada
Jens Jørgen Nielsen
Elaheh Pooyandeh
Neelakanta Radhaskrishnan
Shastri Ramachandaran
Chaiwat Satha-Anand
Soren Sommelius
Hans von Sponeck
David Swanson
Maj Britt Theorin
Biljana Vankovska
Tom Weber
Gunnar Westberg

Friends and supporters of TFF

1-50
Hilal Elver • Susanne Sklar • Diana Johnstone • Dessislava Boneva • Søren Nielsen-Man • Charles Webel • Bente Petersen • Sanford Kelsen • Jan Kjærgaard Hansen • Michael Moutoussis • Siavosh Bigonah • K G Hammar • Povl Madsen • Enver Masud • Ljubodrag “Bob” Djukic • Manuel Herranz Martin • Daniel Ruiz • Göran Palm • Nasila Selasini Rembe • Johanne Margrethe Hartwig • Nicolas J. S. Davies • Jens Rundberg • Ylva Göransson
Peter Warner • Fredrika Gårdfeldt • Ailly Dou • Christopher Black • Andy Carl • Bruce Hawkins • Julie M. Dyer • Theodore N. Iliadis • Peter (Petrus) Jochems • Rolf Czeskleba-Dupont • Stephanie Thiel • Mostafa Eil • Len Bjorkman • Judy Bjorkman • Brita Bastogi • Hanne-Margret Birckenbach-Wellmann • Ulrich Duchrow • Bo Edvinson • Birgitta Edvinson • Thomas Kruse • Jack Gilroy • Deanna Twenge • Göte Rudvall • Marianne Bidstrup • Rosemary Spiota • George Kent • Robert Green.

51-100
Gary E. Doupe • Jovo Bakić • Marian Larsen • Antonio Rosa • Kim Henriksen • Carl Arne Øberg • Domenica Toro Zambrano Simone • Christian Mose-Christensen • Anna Hoas • Hilary J. Jahanpour • Ann Green • Conny Hansson • Majken Jacoby • Jan Strömdahl • John Graversgaard • Barbara Hanst • Gudrun Schyman • Gordon Ward • Phineas A. Washer, Jr. • Torben Konggaard • Svante Karlsson • Mihajlo Buvac • Fatemeh Shadi Afrooz • Hans Genefke Jørgensen • Stefan Vernét • Jacques Öhlund • James H. Mittelman • Jillann W. Richardson-Rohrscheib • Ronald Forthofer • Souad N. Al-Azzawi • Jens-Petter Kjemprud • Ingeborg Breines • Arne Hansen • Holm Hedegaard • Karin Utas Carlsson • H. Peter Langille • David R. Morton • Lena Lövendahl • Stig Broqvist • Orlando Arango • Luís Bravo • Marita Gray • Synnøve Kåset • Reinhard Haverkamp • Sigyn Meder • Julie Jeeg • Øyvind Wistrøm • Synøve Faldalen • Jana Damjanov • Nils Enrum.

101-150
Hanga Hasznos • Bo Alvberger • André Brochu • Jens Thoft • Kjell Næss • Roland von Malmborg • Anders Jacobson • Eva Amborn • Poul Gam • Svetlana Kosenko • Nancy Hammond • Allan Ingster • Maija Savolainen • Linus Höglin • Mikael Gabrielsson • Annika Trägårdh • Karin Wiklund • Nandini Das Halldin • Ingmarie Jacobsen • John Gustavsen • Leila Zand • Gudrun Tibbe Tiberg • Louis Wilms • Udaya R. Tennakoon • Magdalena Liebendörfer-Nilsson • Vladislav Krasnov • Solveig Roth Johansson • Monica Westberg • Saeed Aalaei • Pierre Chataigné • Dominic Turinde • Marie Hedberg • Agnese Pietrobon • Leo Semashko • Solveig Landen • Irene Reintjens • Michèle Naur • George Chakko • Cecilia Björk • Harriet Johansson Otterloo • Linda Roininen • Francesco Castellani • Úrsula Oswald Spring • Olufemi Oluniyi • Sölvi Brädefors • Margit Anderberg • Daphne Wassermann • Gitt Karlsson • Gregor Putensen • Hanne Héli Saler.

151-200
Margaret Flowers • Javid Saraie • Frances Foulkrod • Mitchell L Gold • Andreas Griewank • Örjan Appelqvist • Lai Yin Stenqvist • Cris Morgan • Patrik Fridlund • Gunnel Almberger • Jan Almberger • Betty A. Reardon • Janet Gerson • Wilo Abdille Osman • Göran Dahlman • Andrea Selven • Tibor Varady • Gertrud Eriksson • Jan Svensson • Poul Erik Rasmusen • Mari Larsson • Ingela Stinasdotter • Jan O. Møller • Olof Vennergrund • Ingela Brymér • David Langille • Annika Göthberg • Sven Oscarson • Séverine Renard • Geraldine Gillen • Fin Egenfeldt-Nielsen • Stina Rengman • Anne Sjögren • Li Wångblad • Troels Laier • Fred Eriksson • David Andréas • Lena Maloney • Birte Skovløkke • Erika Waldman • Annika de Mello • Bo Stawreberg • Markus Otterloo • Elin Weber • Rehema Aanyu • Charlotte Thornberg • Emil Forsén • Randi Myhre • Anita Nilsson • Inayat Singal.

201-250
Irene Gillin • Francisco-Javier Campos • Martin Weber • Monica Påhlsson • Gunnar Uppman • Inger Gustavsson • Vérane Loriot • Doris Kruckenberg • Kirsti Kolthoff • Roy Berg • Poka Laenui • Asger Nyrup • Ulf Karlström • Angelica Weber Vernét • Ingeborg Viola Löfgren • Eva B Mannheimer • Gunnar Vagerstam • Britt Hirase • Terence Barry • Adam Greenwell • Noor M. Larik • Tomas Karlsson • Tomas Magnusson • Anita Boström • Jack Ljunggren • Elisabeth Gerle • Gabor Mester • Ninna Urhammer • Håkan Rosén • William J Greenberg • Svend Sorensen • María Cristina Azcona • Steve Amoah • Ayo Ayoola-Amale • Matjaž Mulej Slovenia • Rajko Klajic • Ashokchakravarthy Tholana • Andrei Kozhev • Silvo Devetak • Hannu Virtanen • Tine Jarnum • Elsa Crafoord • Christina J. Gabrielsson • Rabbi David Rosen • Nada Kronja Stanic • Titti Wahlberg • Søren Thuesen • Al Burke • Efraim Laksman • Elisabet B Guðmundsdottir.

251-299
Luigi Viglino • Karin Lundberg • Ann Banks • Karin Nordberg • Ann-Margret Lindborg • Olivia Fuchs • Helena Fernandez • Per Holscher • Jörgen Hassler • Hortense Reintjens • Peter Norrthon • Ida Harsløf • Karolina Kazlauskaite • Christopher Mitchell • Grith Fjeldmose • Verena Falkeström • Ayo Ayoola-Amale • Allan Vokstrup • Sara Soumah • Benjamin Ulbricht • Hasina Parvin • Carla Pagliero • Ruth Noel • Jesper Ammitzbøll • Anker Schjerning • John Hedqvist • Lisbeth Lindell • Geoff Tansey • Inger Raaby • Bjarne Rasmussen • Riitta Heinonen • Rune Klarskov Jensen • Lotte Jakobsen • Marianne Lindström • Jann Fredsö Pedersen • Elfi Sverdrup • Carsten Andersen • Miguel Mendonca • Bozica “Becky” Klajic • Cecilia Dautovic Bergh • Elli von Planta • Anita Christoffersson • Nina Klajic • Charlotte Bhattarai • Takako Kuniyuki • Julie Brink • Stasa Klajic • Pia Sundhage • Katarina Michanek • Annika Göthberg.

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

1972-2003 IT and business-related education by IBM in economy, sales, marketing and business development.1971-1972 Military service1968-1971 Gymnasium, mathematics and physics1965-1968 High-school

Share

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Related Posts

Jan Oberg May 15, 2026 Go to this Fox News page and scroll the whole way down: President Donald Trump tells the world that his meeting with President Xi Jinping yielded a lot of very concrete political and economic results – of course, only where the Chinese side, according to him, agreed with him. He does not mention the Taiwan issue, but Secretary of State, Marco Rubio, says that it did not feature prominently in their talks and that the US policy on Taiwan has not changed. Then go to China Daily – or Global Times – and you will see that for the Chinese it is framework, principles, structure of cooperation etc. that matters – all embedded in the overall idea of “constructive bilateral relationship of strategic stability.” Nowhere is any concrete agreement or deal – all that Trump refers to – mentioned. At the general level, this gives you insights into the very different social...
Lena Petrova of “World Affairs In Context” with more than half a million subscribers on YouTube wanted to explore what a peace researcher like me has to say about, among other things, the First and the Second Cold War and why eethics has disappeared from politics. I am particularly happy about this conversation that also yielded an amazing number of very appreciative comments on YouTube. No doubt, people are longing for alternatives, including peace perspectives.
The MIMAC – Military-Industrial-Media-Academic Complex – drives the world’s rampant militarism and wars without end. Here is a short reflection of how it works against all interests of humanity. #5 deals with why there is no real enemy or threat images/analysis. It’s all ex-post constructions. And, btw, theTFF Peace Pulse is now on Rumble.

Recent Articles

“En dag som berättigar till fest”, utropade den London-baserade al-Quds al-Arabi efter FN:s eldupphörresolution, “eftersom detta är första gången som Israel accepterar ett FN-beslut från en position som besegrad och inte som segrare”. Att ett arabisk-israeliskt krig för en gångs skull slutat med arabisk seger, är en helt dominerade åsikt i arabiska medier. Al-Quds al-Arabi tillåter sig att drömma om att det israeliska nederlaget skall leda till massflykt från Israel. Men i nästa andetag påminner tidningen om att Israel aldrig brukar genomföra sina internationella åtaganden och varnar för att förlorarna, liksom tidigare, kan hämnas genom att provocera fram inbördeskrig i Libanon. Med tanke på de otaliga massmediala vittnesmålen om det libanesiska folkets eniga motståndskraft förefaller risken för inre stridigheter i det sargade landet just nu liten. Men visst kan man urskilja nyansskillnader i libanesiska tidningar. Vänsterorganet al-Safir uppfattar FN-resolutionen som en komplott i syfte att rädda Israel från ännu större...
Greenland – the world’s largest island, a continent of its own with only 57.000 inhabitants. I visited it for the first time in May 2005. I flew across the inland ice to Nuuk, the tiny capital with some 14.000 inhabitants. I was overwhelmed by the pride and kindness of everyone I met as well as by the unique natural beauty. Unfortunately, due to weather conditions during my ten-day stay I could get nowhere else but Nuuk. Fortunately, however, among those I met was Gitte Arvegaard, a Danish lawyer and negotiator employed by the local government, Greenland Home Rule. She turned out to be an enthusiastic photographer with a lot of pictures taken during various trips around Greenland. So this Greeland series is the result of our cooperative effort. We both hope you enjoy it and are stimulated to visit Greenland – about which you may read more here. Finally, if you want to...
 Jan Oberg’s storyof how he met Sir Paul Liverpool – where else to meet Paul McCartney? Paul’s old class mate and TFF Associate, Jonathan Power introduced me to Paul McCartney in Liverpool at an informal reception. It was held at what used to be their school, now the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts and we were there to celebrate that Jonathan had written Amnesty International’s 40th Anniversary book. This happy event for “righting wrongs and writing songs” gave me an opportunity to meet Paul and tell him about TFF and get straight to the matter: would he consider making a donation in support of our work for peace? While I was probably the only one with such a wish that day, I was certainly not the only one who wanted to shake hands and talk with him. In the last minutes before Paul was to leave, Jonathan brought us together and we got about three...

TFF on Substack

Discover more from TFF Transnational Foundation & Jan Oberg.

Most Popular

“En dag som berättigar till fest”, utropade den London-baserade al-Quds al-Arabi efter FN:s eldupphörresolution, “eftersom detta är första gången som Israel accepterar ett FN-beslut från en position som besegrad och inte som segrare”. Att ett arabisk-israeliskt krig för en gångs skull slutat med arabisk seger, är en helt dominerade åsikt i arabiska medier. Al-Quds al-Arabi tillåter sig att drömma om att det israeliska nederlaget skall leda till massflykt från Israel. Men i nästa andetag påminner tidningen om att Israel aldrig brukar genomföra sina internationella åtaganden och varnar för att förlorarna, liksom tidigare, kan hämnas genom att provocera fram inbördeskrig i Libanon. Med tanke på de otaliga massmediala vittnesmålen om det libanesiska folkets eniga motståndskraft förefaller risken för inre stridigheter i det sargade landet just nu liten. Men visst kan man urskilja nyansskillnader i libanesiska tidningar. Vänsterorganet al-Safir uppfattar FN-resolutionen som en komplott i syfte att rädda Israel från ännu större...
Greenland – the world’s largest island, a continent of its own with only 57.000 inhabitants. I visited it for the first time in May 2005. I flew across the inland ice to Nuuk, the tiny capital with some 14.000 inhabitants. I was overwhelmed by the pride and kindness of everyone I met as well as by the unique natural beauty. Unfortunately, due to weather conditions during my ten-day stay I could get nowhere else but Nuuk. Fortunately, however, among those I met was Gitte Arvegaard, a Danish lawyer and negotiator employed by the local government, Greenland Home Rule. She turned out to be an enthusiastic photographer with a lot of pictures taken during various trips around Greenland. So this Greeland series is the result of our cooperative effort. We both hope you enjoy it and are stimulated to visit Greenland – about which you may read more here. Finally, if you want to...
 Jan Oberg’s storyof how he met Sir Paul Liverpool – where else to meet Paul McCartney? Paul’s old class mate and TFF Associate, Jonathan Power introduced me to Paul McCartney in Liverpool at an informal reception. It was held at what used to be their school, now the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts and we were there to celebrate that Jonathan had written Amnesty International’s 40th Anniversary book. This happy event for “righting wrongs and writing songs” gave me an opportunity to meet Paul and tell him about TFF and get straight to the matter: would he consider making a donation in support of our work for peace? While I was probably the only one with such a wish that day, I was certainly not the only one who wanted to shake hands and talk with him. In the last minutes before Paul was to leave, Jonathan brought us together and we got about three...
Read More
Imagen-thumbnail-The-Transnational-1
“En dag som berättigar till fest”, utropade den London-baserade al-Quds al-Arabi efter FN:s eldupphörresolution, “eftersom detta är första gången som Israel accepterar ett FN-beslut från en position som besegrad och inte som segrare”. Att ett arabisk-israeliskt krig för en gångs skull slutat med arabisk seger, är en helt dominerade åsikt i arabiska medier. Al-Quds al-Arabi tillåter sig att drömma om att det israeliska nederlaget skall leda till massflykt från Israel. Men i nästa andetag påminner tidningen om att Israel aldrig brukar genomföra sina internationella åtaganden och varnar för att förlorarna, liksom tidigare, kan hämnas genom att provocera fram inbördeskrig i Libanon. Med tanke på de otaliga massmediala vittnesmålen om det libanesiska folkets eniga motståndskraft förefaller risken för inre stridigheter i det sargade landet just nu liten. Men visst kan man urskilja nyansskillnader i libanesiska tidningar. Vänsterorganet al-Safir uppfattar FN-resolutionen som en komplott i syfte att rädda Israel från ännu större...
Greenland – the world’s largest island, a continent of its own with only 57.000 inhabitants. I visited it for the first time in May 2005. I flew across the inland ice to Nuuk, the tiny capital with some 14.000 inhabitants. I was overwhelmed by the pride and kindness of everyone I met as well as by the unique natural beauty. Unfortunately, due to weather conditions during my ten-day stay I could get nowhere else but Nuuk. Fortunately, however, among those I met was Gitte Arvegaard, a Danish lawyer and negotiator employed by the local government, Greenland Home Rule. She turned out to be an enthusiastic photographer with a lot of pictures taken during various trips around Greenland. So this Greeland series is the result of our cooperative effort. We both hope you enjoy it and are stimulated to visit Greenland – about which you may read more here. Finally, if you want to...
p_mccartney_poem
 Jan Oberg’s storyof how he met Sir Paul Liverpool – where else to meet Paul McCartney? Paul’s old class mate and TFF Associate, Jonathan Power introduced me to Paul McCartney in Liverpool at an informal reception. It was held at what used to be their school, now the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts and we were there to celebrate that Jonathan had written Amnesty International’s 40th Anniversary book. This happy event for “righting wrongs and writing songs” gave me an opportunity to meet Paul and tell him about TFF and get straight to the matter: would he consider making a donation in support of our work for peace? While I was probably the only one with such a wish that day, I was certainly not the only one who wanted to shake hands and talk with him. In the last minutes before Paul was to leave, Jonathan brought us together and we got about three...
Logo-Transnational
1942James Paul McCartney is born in Liverpool on June 18th. 1956Paul writes his first song, I Lost My Little Girl. 1957Paul meets John Lennon at St. Peter’s Church Fete, Woolton, Liverpool. He joins his first group, The Quarrymen and performs in his first gig at The New Clubmoor Hall, Liverpool, on October 18th. 1960Formation of The Beatles, who play residencies in Hamburg and at The Cavern in Liverpool. 1961First Beatles recordings issued in Germany, as the backing group for Tony Sheridan. 1962The first Beatles Parlophone recording, Love Me Do, reaches number 17 in the British charts. 1963The birth of Beatlemania. Please Please Me gives the group their first British Number 1. She Loves You cements their success. Please Please Me and With The Beatles albums released. 1964First triumphant American tour. The Beatles perform at the Royal Command Performance and release their first film, A Hard Day’s Night. Their single I...
Logo-Transnational
  Back to the series “Bujumbura, Burundi”
By JONATHAN POWER August 16, 2000 LONDON – Remember the summer of ’98? In the sweltering, torpid heat of a Roman august, charged with exhaust fumes, the international community gave its overwhelming approval to the establishment of an International Criminal Court that will enable those accused of “crimes against humanity” to be tried and, if convicted, sentenced. Only seven nations opposed or abstained from the motion, including Israel, China, India and the U.S.A. where the Pentagon had successfully waged bureaucratic guerrilla war to undermine the initially sympathetic stance of President Bill Clinton. Two years on we can now see what an epochal event that was. In a the stroke of 120 pens it changed the climate on political thuggery. After numerous half-starts and false starts ever since the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials that convicted the war criminals of the Second World War, the world at last had agreed en masse a common...