PressInfo #146 – Om att tämja kärnvapenmonstret

Inte sedan atomålderns gryning i slutet av andra världskriget har faran för ett kärnvapenkrig varit större än nu. Lika oroande är att denna fara i vida kretsar inte är insedd. Åtskilligt i den senaste utvecklingen ger förklaringar till denna ytterst upprörande situation.

USA:s regering har uppenbart antagit planer för oförutsedda händelser som innefattar utnyttjande av kärnvapen mot särskilt utpekade länder och avser ett brett spektrum av händelser. Terroristnätverk med folkmord på programmet har gjort trägna ansträngningar att skaffa kärnvapen och andra massförstörelsevapen. Spridning av biologiska och kemiska vapen stärker den politiska drivkraften för att hota med kärnvapenvedergällning. Den amerikanska satsningen på robotförsvar leder troligtvis till att andra kärnvapenstater ökar sin arsenaler. Indien och Pakistan, fientliga grannstater, fortsätter sin konflikt rörande Kashmir med de respektive kärnvapenarsenalerna lurande i bakgrunden. Den stämning som skapats av attackerna den 11 september har givit upphov till synsättet att världen består av onda och goda och till svagare hämningar i fråga om användning av kärnvapen.

Det är mot en sådan bakgrund som parterna i ickespridningsavtalet (NPT) träffas mellan den 8 och 19 april för att gå igenom hur parterna fullföljt avtalet och, viktigast, avtalets artikel VI där de åtar sig att genomföra kärnvapennedrustning. Offentliggörandet nyligen av den sekretesslagda utredningen IUS Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), som första gången frisläpptes i delvis hemligstämplad form i januari 2002, angavs planer för oförutsedda situationer innefattande potentiellt utnyttjande av kärnvapen mot minst sju namngivna stater. Dessa avslöjanden måste förvisso ha alarmerat dessa regeringar och förhoppningsvis väckt det internationella samfundet i allmänhet till en stämning av ökande fara.

Varje amerikansk plan att använda eller hota med att använda kärnvapen skulle strida både mot folkrätten och mot försäkringar från USA sedan länge om att inte använda kärnvapen mot stater som saknar kärnvapen. Planerna utgör också ett provokativt hot mot de namngivna staterna och mot andra stater liksom mot internationell fred och säkerhet överallt.

Att USA på detta sätt närmar sig planering av kärnvapenutnyttjande kommer, tillsammans med andra händelser som ökar risken för kärnvapenkrig, otvivelaktigt att menligt påverka försök från alla länder att söka anslutning till en icke-spridning av kärnvapen. Det kommer troligen att medföra ytterligare kärnvapenspridning och allvarligt försvaga nu rådande ordning av icke-spridning. Samman med USA:s planer att utveckla och stationera ett missilförsvar, kommer USA:s politik i riktning mot att använda kärnvapen nästan säkert att uppmuntra Ryssland och Kina till att utöka sina kärnvapenprogram andra länder till utveckla kärnvapen och andra massförstörelsevapen. Den ger troligen också upphov till nya destruktiva vapenkapprustningar.

Det faktum att USA håller på att utveckla sådana planer för användning av kärnvapen ses i större delen av världen som ett farligt uttryck för bedrägliga avsikter. Förr har kärnvapen motvilligt tolererats, men bara som avskräckande medel mot andra staters användning av kärnvapen. US Nuclear Posture Review avslöjar att kärnvapnen nu uppenbart satts att ingå ett helt spektrum av situationer där tänkbara krig utkämpas.

USA:s politik synes göra kärnvapen till ett vapen som man inte tar till endast i sista hand, utan snarare som ett redskap med vilket ett krig kan utkämpas, till och med krig mot stater som saknar kärnvapen. I spåren på den amerikanska hållningen har redan skadliga åtgärder vidtagits. Storbritannien har kungjort att landet också är berett att använda kärnvapen mot varje stat som må anfalla med något massförstörelsevapen. En sådan utökad roll för kärnvapnen måste med nödvändighet få andra destabiliserande effekter.

I världen efter den 11 september är det livsavgörande att USA och andra kärnvapenstater tar på sig fullt ansvar för att säkerställa att kärnvapen och krigsmateriel, särskilt i den före detta Sovjetunionen, inte hamnar i händerna på terrorister. Det är också avgörande att ledande nationer gör sitt yttersta diplomatiskt och via FN för att lätta på spänningar som gynnar krig i Sydasien och Mellanöstern.

För närvarande är den mest angelägna utmaningen att återupprätta inskränkningarna gentemot det mest hotfulla av alla sorters vapen.. Precis som det är godtaget att det är väsentligt att hålla en tillförlitliga ordning som förbjuder biologiska och kemiska vapen, är det sedan länge hög tid att ge högsta prioritet för etablering av en jämförbar rådande ordning när det gäller kärnvapen. Stater utan kärnvapen borde bestämt yrka på att kärnvapenstater åtminstone håller fast vid den deklarerade kinesiska hållningen att inte vara först med att använda vapnen i fråga, och att i enlighet med detta hålla sig med kärnvapen endast för att avskräcka från kärnvapenanfall tills vapnen helt kan avskaffas.

I denna anda borde USA och Storbritannien dra tillbaka sina farliga och destabiliserande planer att använda kärnvapen vid utkämpande av krig och i såväl sina egna som den övriga världens intressen gå i spetsen för att avskaffa kärnvapnen och göra slut på kärnvapenhotet mot mänskligheten och mot allt liv. De stater som är parter i ickespidningsavtalet kan inte kosta på sig att fortsatt vara passiva utan borde använda sitt inflytande för att påminna världen om att vi alla står inför ett tidigare ej skådat växande hot att kärnvapen för första gången sedan 1945 på något sätt skall komma till användning.

Richard Falk
Professor emeritus i folkrätt vid Princeton University och är visiting distinguished professor vid University of California i Santa Barbara.

David Krieger
President vid Nuclear Age Peace Foundation

Engelsk utgåva av denna PressInfo

© TFF 2002

Professor Falk became an adviser to TFF when it was established in 1985.

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