Tio år efter murens fall

Två delade städer står som symboler för den nya världsordningen efter det kalla krigets slut, det återförenade Berlin och den bosniska staden Mostar som efter kriget blivit en delad stad
Det korta seklet har Eric Hobsbawm kallat vårt 1900-tal, som kan sägas ha varat från 1914 till 1989. Seklet föddes i blod då den viktorianska eran gick under efter skotten i Sarajevo. Under och efter första världskriget rasade imperier som korthus, det österrikisk-ungerska kejsardömet, det turkisk-osmanska väldet, de tsarryska och tyska kejsardömena. En världsordning gick oåterkalleligen i graven.
För i dag just tio år sedan föll Berlinmuren. Det kalla kriget tog slut. Världen blev en annan.

I november 1989 var det lätt att drömma om en bättre och fredligare värld. Det dröjde heller inte länge förrän det delade Tyskland återförenades. Nu håller såren på att läkas också i Berlin, efter nästan femtio år som skärningspunkt för två oförsonliga politiska system. Att Tyskland åter är Europas största och dominerande land innebär en rad förändringar också för Sverige. Från Helsingborg går det fortare i dag att landvägen resa till Berlin än till Stockholm. Tyska handelsförbindelser, det tyska språket och tysk kultur kommer att få en växande betydelse, inte minst som en motvikt till kommersiell amerikansk kultur. Sverige blir mera än innan en del av den germanska kultursfären.

Under det kalla krigets år dominerades världen av konflikten mellan de två supermakterna USA och Sovjet, med hotet om kärnvapenkrig som yttersta konsekvens. Alla regionala konflikter underordnades och relaterades till den övergripande supermaktskonflikten. Efter murens fall hände allt slag i slag. Sovjetunionen upplöstes. Apartheidsystemet i Sydafrika föll sönder.

När det gäller Sydafrika sa Englands järnlady Margret Thatcher 1987, med ett extremt arrogant uttryck, att den som trodde att Nelson Mandelas ANC en dag skulle styra landet i Sydafrika ” was living in Cloud Cuckooland, “levde som en koko-gök bland molnen. För henne och USA:s president Ronald Reagan var ANC kommunister. Därför stödde både USA och England i det längsta vitt apartheidstyre.

Men fler än Thatcher levde bland molnen. Få eller inga kunde förutspå så dramatiska och snabba förändringar av världen som de som följde åren efter det kalla krigets slut i en oblodig revolution som kanske saknar historiskt motstycke.

Jugoslavien drabbades efter det kalla krigets slut av varma krig, framför allt därför att landet geografiskt alltid legat vid gränsen mellan imperier och system, mellan kristendom och islam, mellan kommunism och kapitalism, mellan det rika och det fattiga Europa När världsordningen förändrades låg landet i sprickzonen, 1914 lika väl som 1989.

Redan i januari 1990 upplöstes det alljugoslaviska kommunistpartiet. Det land i Östeuropa som borde ha haft störst förutsättningar att klara en fredlig övergång till demokrati drabbades sedan under 90-talet av krig efter krig, som en direkt följd av det kalla krigets slut. Jag är rädd för att vi ännu inte sett slutet.

Det delade Berlin återförenades. Samtidigt skapades i Bosnien en ny delad stad, Mostar, med en kroatisk och en muslimsk stadsdel. En sönderbombad bro blev en dyster symbol för den nya tiden. En maffiaekonomi sög upp de miljarder EU pumpade in i Mostar utan att försoning eller fred skapades.

Också Sverige var (åtminstone formellt) alliansfritt och neutralt, ett land i sprickzonen mellan Öst och Väst. Vi hade vårt folkhem och många svenskar uppfattade Sverige som lite fredligare och präktigare än andra länder, som ett föredöme i världen.

Det kalla krigets slut har medfört stora förändringar också för oss och för föreställningarna om vad svenskhet innebär. I dag är Sverige med i EU – och i de flesta avseenden ett land som vilket som helst annat. Starka krafter vill lotsa oss in i Natos militärallians. Folkhemmet och den tidigare självklara solidariteten med utsatta grupper finns inte längre.

Helsingborg har historiskt varit en gränsstad. När Sverige nu gått med i Schengenavtalet upphör snart den funktionen. Här kommer inte att finnas någon passkontroll och minimal eller ingen tullkontroll. Det är ju bara bra. Kan man färdas mellan Tyskland, Frankrike, Holland och andra länder över mjuka gränser, då är det hög tid att gränsen mellan HH-städerna mjukas upp. Samtidigt – är Fästning Europa som utestänger de andra en rimlig konstruktion, flyktingarna från krigen, från tredje världen?

Det kalla krigets slut fick också andra följder. USA visade upp sin unika militära styrka under vårens Nato-bombningar av Jugoslavien. Det handlade mindre om humanuitär intervention eller om kosovoalbanernas rättigheter och mycket mera om att USA manifesterade sin position som ensam supermakt. FN:s roll reducerades samtidigt. Kanske var bombningarna mest av allt en fingervisning till arvfienden Ryssland. I Ryssland har armén under 90-talet till följd av den ekonomiska krisen fått en dramatiskt minskad stridsförmåga. I händelse av en konflikt har Ryssland bara kärnvapen att försvara sig med. Jeltsin kommer knappast att använda dem. Men det finns i landet andra krafter som inte skulle tveka. Och konflikternas karaktär i Ryssland har förkrossande likheter med de som skapat krig och lidande på Balkan.

Därmed är dessvärre risken för ett kärnvapenkrig i dag större än någon gång tidigare efter det andra världskriget.

När Jugoslavien kapitulerade i Kosovo i juni i år var brittiska trupper beredda att gå in i landet först. Men det gick den amerikanska äran för när. Amerikanska trupper och TV-bolag behövde ett dygn för att kunna gå i täten. Därmed uppstod en besynnerlig situation och några hundra ryska soldater tog tillfället, flög in och besatte flygplatsen i Prishtina.

Den amerikanske Nato-befälhavaren gav då order åt den general som ledde britterna att gå in och fördriva ryssarna. Dock lydde den engelske generalen inte order.

– Jag tänker inte starta ett tredje världskrig för din skull I dag firar världen Berlinmurens fall.

Men hur ser världen egentligen ut?

Bara en sak är säker. Allt har blivit oändligt mycket mera komplext. Den som tänker i svart-vita kategorier förstår nog inte mycket.

© Helsingborg Dagblad 1999

Sören Sommelius <Sosommelius@hd.se>
Tel: 042 – 17 50 45

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