Mediemanipulation avsällan skådat slag?

Lurades och manipulerades vi av bilderna när Saddamstatyn fälldes i Bagdad, undrar Sören Sommelius. Var det hela iscensatt “reality-TV” snarare än ett folkligt uppror?

I onsdags föll Bagdad. Inför jublande folkmassor störtades statyn av Saddam Hussein på Fardustorget i centrala Bagdad. Lars-Eric Jönsson skrev om den symbolladdade händelsen här på kultursidan i lördags. Glädjerusiga Bagdadbor stormade regimens institutioner och plundrade de förhatliga symbolerna för dess makt. Det var som när Berlinmuren föll för snart fjorton år sedan.

Var det så det gick till?

Saddams staty har dragits omkull åter och återigen i televisionens nyhetssändningar. Bildsekvenserna kommer att gå till historien över detta korta krig. Vi har sett de jublande människorna och deras tacksamhet mot de amerikanska befriarna.

Eller?

Vad var det vi såg?

Jag försöker rekapitulera.

Amerikanska marinkårssoldater klättrade upp på statyn. Man täckte först över Saddams huvud med en amerikansk flagga, sedan med en irakisk. Därefter drog man med ett amerikanskt militärfordon omkull statyn inför ögonen på jublande Bagdadbor.

Nej, inte så.

Problemet är de “jublande Bagdadborna”. Bilder från organisationen “Information Clearing House” visar något helt annat och, menar jag, mera trovärdigt.

Enligt en Reuterbild som IFC visar “tagen med vidvinkel från journalisthotellet Palestine” är torget avspärrat av amerikanska stridsvagnar och i stort sett folktomt. Här finns runt 200 personer. De flesta är amerikanska marinkårssoldater, journalister och TV-fotografer. Men här finns också ett mindre antal irakier, kanske några dussin.

IFC undrar dessutom om irakierna på torget rentav delvis bestod av proamerikanska irakiska grupper ur de så kallade “Free Iraqi Forces”, lojala mot Ronald Rumsfelds favoritirak Ahmed Chalabi, han som ska öppna landet för amerikanska storföretag. Det är i så fall inte Bagdadbor utan av amerikanerna influgna exilirakier. De jublar och hoppar på Saddams statyhuvud ” och hela världen låter sig luras att se en “folkliga revolution”.

Även om man bortser från resonemangen om exilirakier är det uppenbart att det bara fanns ett fåtal civilpersoner på det av stridsvagnar avspärrade torget. Det är svårt att tänka sig att de skulle ha kommit till platsen “spontant” och tillåtits befinna sig där i de extremt avgörande stunder då hela statyfällningsoperationen skulle fullbordas.

Betydligt troligare är att hela händelsen är ett stycke kvalificerad medieteater, noggrant iscensatt av amerikansk militär i ett bestämt propagandasyfte. De “jublande Bagdadborna” spelade i direktsänd reality-TV de roller de tilldelats.

Det är därför högst osannolikt att händelsen var det som miljoner TV-tittare trodde sig se, ett tecken på en folklig resning. Snarare rörde det sig om en mediemanipulation av sällan skådat slag.

Det samma hävdar också från Bagdad brittiska Independents Robert Fisk som kallat händelsen “the most staged photo-opportunity since Iwo Jima”, den mest arrangerade bildhändelsen sedan Iwo Jima. På japanska Iwo Jima togs 1945 den klassiska (och arrangerade) bild där amerikanska marinkårssoldater reser den amerikanska flaggan.

Det finns ännu en sak värd att reflektera över i sammanhanget, den amerikanska flagga som sattes över Saddams huvud.

BBC:s reporter Paul Woods i Bagdad skriver i BBC:s “war diary” (10.4, 05.21 GMT) att flaggan på Saddams huvud “enligt marinkårskällor” var samma flagga som hängde över Pentagon den ödesdigra dagen 11/9. Wood drar slutsatsen att Irakkriget för många unga marinkårssoldater går ut på att besegra terrorismen. Stora delar av det amerikanska folket tror ju detsamma. Flaggan på statyhuvudet var “om uppgifterna stämmer” en markering att nu ger vi igen för 11/9.

Vi har också sett plundrande människor i Bagdad. I Dagens Nyheter (12.4) berättade Khaled Bayomi från Lund “som var i Bagdad som mänsklig sköld” om hur amerikanska trupper uppmanade folk att gå ut och plundra.

Reportern i DN frågar:

“Påstår du att det var USA-trupperna som initierade plundringen?

Khaled Bayomi svarar:

“Absolut. Avsaknaden av glädjescener gjorde att USA-trupperna behövde bilder av irakier som på olika sätt demonstrerade avsky för Saddams regim.”

Folk gjorde vad de uppmanades till. Televisionen fick sina bilder.

Men plundringarna i Bagdad gick inte bara ut över regeringsbyggnader och de politiska ledarnas hem, vilket kunde ha varit begripligt. De drabbade också affärer, ambassader, museer med det irakiska kulturarvet, Unicefs kontor och sjukhus, där läkarna fördrivits, i orgier av destruktivt våld.

Naturligtvis var de flesta irakier glada över att Saddam Husseins regim föll. Det innebar ju både slutet för en brutal diktatur, att bombningarna skulle upphöra och att en ny tid utan förödande sanktionerna snart kan börja. Men jag är övertygad om att många hyser en djup skepsis mot de nya amerikanska kolonialherrarna.

Det här var sannerligen “en underlig befrielse” och underliga bilder i medierna. Med sådana bilder säljs myten om det goda kriget. Och medierna världen över spelar med.

Fotnot: Uppgifter från “International Clearing House, News You Won‚t find on CNN” finns på internet, http://www.informatio[Marker]ncl[Marker]earinghouse.info/article2842.htm.

BBC-korrespondenternas krigsdagböcker finns på http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2934651.stm

(Helsingborgs Dagblads kultursida 15.4.03)

© TFF & the author 2003

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